The French Revolution Was A Period Of Significant Events...

The French Revolution was a period of significant events that drastically changed the face of France, altering the traditions of government and culture. History throughout time has maintained a cause-and-effect pattern with nearly all crucial events; the French Revolution is no different. Lasting from 1789 until 1799, the revolution was partially carried forward from Napoleon during the expansion of the French Empire. The revolution was a chain of social and political acts brought on by reformers in the French Government to execute an absolute power from King Louis XVI and wealthy landowners. As well as, developing a government elected by the town’s citizens. Ultimately the act of liberty and equality for people would be instigated, in addition, generating fair living standards and treatment for entire social classes. â€Å"As one modern formulation puts it, war is â€Å"simply the use of violence by states for the enforcement, the protection, or the extension of their political power† (Rothenberg, 1988). For a long time, there have been many elements triggering a civil war in France. The revolution held many long-range causes, the top three being; social, political, and economic difficulties. The social conditions of eighteenth century France were unfortunate. The country branched societies into three classes and estates. The First Estate consisted of the Clergy. During the French Revolution, the clergy were separated into two groups; the lower and higher clergymen. The higherShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world. The names, faces, and places may change, but the motivations are generally the s ame, because of the need for change and the willingness to do whatever is necessary to achieve it. In contrast to the United States, which was in the process of freeing itself from British colonial rule, France was working to free itself from royal absolutism. This period is historically known as the French Revolution. Many scholars do not agree on the chronology of the French Revolution; some scholars suggestRead MoreThe French Revolution: Napoleon Essay954 Words   |  4 Pages The French Revolution was a period of social and political turmoil in France from 1789 to 1799 that greatly affected modern and French history. It marked the decline of powerful monarchies and the rise of democracy, individual rights and nationalism. This revolution came with many consequences because of the strive for power and wealth, but also had many influential leaders attempting to initiate change in the French government and the economy. In 1789 the people of France dismissed King Louis XVIRead More Effects Of Nationalism In The French Revolution1501 Words   |  7 Pagescase of France, the nationalism force was very effective and inevitable during the French revolution 1789. It was a great historical event brought many changes in France. Before the revolution, France was controlled by Ancient regime in which common people have had not freedom and rights. The financial crisis made by Louis XVI compelled to establishment of Estates General in which heavy taxes were imposed on third estate including common peoples. These people were majority of the France populationRead MoreSavannah Whiting, Carson Lilley, Kennethan Heng . Mr. Porter.1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthree eras of revolution showcase various changes and continuities. The three-hundred year span features revolutions that started because of an assortment of different reasons, while many of them are practically duplicates in their results of the conflict, such as a government being abolished. Although these revolutions pr esent diverse changes over time, the essence of almost every revolution in all three time periods reveals significant continuities between them. The European Revolutions of the 1700sRead MoreThe Decline Of Slavery During The Nineteenth Century962 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery. Industrialization also attributes to the many of the changes Europe would be under following the ending of slavery. The last point to keep in mind is the events that transpired in the seizure of Neirsee and how it impacted society. Society in Europe played an imperative role in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. This time period in human history highlighted a movement of intellectual individuals who would proclaim themselves as â€Å"Enlightened.† These individuals would often gather and â€Å"questionedRead MoreBronzinos Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time and Manets Le Dejeuner sur Lherbe930 Words   |  4 Pages The two art pieces that I want to write about are Bronzinos Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time, Mannerism art, and Manet’s Le Dejuner sur l’herbe, Realism art. Because these paintings were born in the periods when there was significant cultural and social changes, which influenced to their artistic style. The both paintings have nude female figures on the center of the paintings, but had received different criticism. Bronzinos Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time is one of the most famous works of art ofRead MoreA Line Of The Sand Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesA Line In The Sand Essay In the book, A Line In The Sand, James Barr discusses the French struggle over the Middle East between 1914-1948. Throughout this book, it talks about two men, one visionary British politician and the other a veteran French diplomat; Mark Sykes and Francois Georges-Picot. They both secretly drew a line from the Mediterranean to the Persian Frontier. Britain and France would divide and rule 5 countries which are Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon ad Syria. It made theRead MoreOrigins of the French Revolution2047 Words   |  9 Pagesand Andress offer interesting and well-supported perspectives on the origins of the French Revolution and the reasons it came about. Bossenga purports that the public fervor of the time had little to do with the actual revolution, other than providing bodies for insurrection. Rather, the institution of the royal state was an inherently flawed one by the reign of Louis XVI, to the extent that only a full revolution would effectively produce solutions t o the problems of the ancien regime. Andress placesRead MoreThe Devastating Power of Western Colonialism Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pagesand linguistic imperialism have over a colonized region. Hegemonic rule and full-scale imperial endeavors defined English and France foreign affairs during the 19th and early 20th centuries. As the two largest imperialist superpowers of the time, France and Britain made countless imperial acquisitions, not the least of which being their long struggle and eventual French colonization of Madagascar. The ability for western powers to gain hegemonic and colonialist power over smaller nations reliesRead MoreEssay about What Was the Main Reason for Italian Unification1913 Words   |  8 PagesWhat was the main reason for Italian Unification? In 1815 after the battle of waterloo and the end of the Napoleonic wars, the victorious powers met to discuss what to do to at what became to be known as the Congress of Vienna. To ensure that war on the same scale never broke out again they decided to make very little changes to the current map of Europe, except strengthening all of France’s neighbours. I was agreed at the conference that the ruling powers should meet in the future whenever

Civil Rights Movement for Social Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1129 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Rights Movement Essay Did you like this example? The civil rights movement is associated with a span of time beginning with the 1954 Supreme courts ruling. The decision outlawed segregation in education and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The movement draw its members from both the local groups as well as other organizations which include; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Notably, even though the movements employed different strategies and tactics, they cohered around the aim of outlawing the system of Jim Crow segregation as well as reformation of the racial aspects in the American institutions. The purpose of this movement was to restore African Americans civil rights and the rights of citizenship as outlined in the constitution which is in the fourteen and fifteen amendment. These rights had been crumbled by Jim Crow laws a segregationist in the south. It significantly affected the relationship between the states and the national government since the federal government was compelled in many occasions to enforce its rules and laws to protect the rights of the African American citizens. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Rights Movement for Social Justice" essay for you Create order The black panthers outlined a ten-point program that fought for the freedom of the blacks, among them include: We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of the black community. Nevertheless, it fought for the full employment for the blacks. Besides, the program outlined the need to end the robbery on the blacks by the capitalists. On the housing, it focused on decent housing units for the black community. In his letter from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr called for honest and open negotiations on the racial issues. The movement prompted the re-emergence of judiciary involvement of the Supreme Court and to uphold its responsibility as a protector of independent liberty against the powers of the majority. The civil rights movement provoked gains were enjoyed not only by African Americans but also for women, individuals with disabilities and many more. Heavy consequences were inflicted upon the south following the civil war, most would agree the civil rights movement as a second reconstruction phase. During this phase, the 14th amendment gave way to equal protection of the laws and the 15th amendment (1865-1870) gave the men the right to vote regardless of race were approved. The armed forces from the north lived in the south as from 1865 to 1877 to bring the official end of slavery. Unfortunately, when the reconstruction ended in 1877 the whites from the south passed laws that discriminated African Americans on the basis of race. These laws were popularly known as Jim crows laws; these laws kept apart from whites and blacks in education, housing and restricted the use of private and public facilities such as trains, restaurants, and restrooms. The laws also turned down the blacks right to vote, limited free movement, and denied them the right to marry whites. A great number of discriminatory and prejudicial actions were committed on African Americans as well. The migrant farmers initiated a multiracial movement that led to the formation of the United Farm Workers led by Cesar Chavez, the migrant farmers adopted the consumer boycotts, this was a successful strategy under the social protests by the civil rights movement. The success of this movement has continued to motivate the farm workers to fight for their justice and it eventually changed laws and put farming communities in better positions than ever before. Nevertheless, the African Americans also deployed direct action protests as well as aggravating their rights through political organizing, through the voter registration that culminated in the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. These strategies led to the achievements of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. NAACP used parks arrest as an opportunity to challenge discriminatory laws in the southern city. The NAACP called upon religious and Montgomerys political leaders to advocate for one day boycott. A public protest is a strategy that is used in civil rights movements, for instance, Sit inns that was used by black students to protest segregation at the Woolworths lunch counter. They would come to sit down peacefully and wait to be served and would not move until they were served. This strategy called for perfectly behaved and well-dressed students to sit and ask to be served. Protest marches were used by the Congress of racial equality who organized a freedom ride in 1961. The black and white riders boarded a bus that took them to the south and in each stop they entered racially segregated areas. Martin Luther announced that SCLC would travel to Alabama Birmingham to integrate commercial facilities. Marching was one of the strategies that were used for instance marching on Washington. Civil rights movements used the above strategies. The subjugation of African and Hispanic Americans can be blamed on the white supremacy and racism. During the period that led to the formation of the civil rights movement, racial and ethnic minorities as well as women were confronted with legal and social exclusion. The whites passed laws that were discriminating blacks and Hispanic Americans. African Americans and many other minority groups across the nation endured very difficult times because of many unfair and unconstitutional laws. The longstanding subjugation led to the enactment of an affirmative action with the aim of ending discrimination. The affirmative action orders were issued by president Franklin Roosevelt aimed at barring discrimination against the blacks by the defense contractors. Interestingly, it led to the formation of a fair employment practices committee. However, the federal compliance programs faced a lot of challenges that ranged from being understaffed, they were underfunded, and they lacked an enforcement authority. In conclusion, civil rights movement strategies and ideas have evolved over time. Different organizations employ the same strategies such as boycotts, sit-ins, demonstrations, non-violent picketing to achieve liberation. In the 1960s civil rights movements, the minority fought against racial discrimination in the southern states by using some of these strategies to achieve liberation even though they faced resistance. The purpose of this movement was to restore civil rights and the rights of citizenship to all American citizens as outlined in the constitution which is in the fourteen and fifteen amendment. Currently, there has been a constant evolution to the strategies employed for any rights movements. People have invented new ways to channel their grievances as illustrated above. Sources Cesar Chavez: Letter from Delano https://libraries.ucsd.edu/farmworkermovement/essays/essays/Letter%20From%20Delano.pdf Black Panther Party 10-Point Program War Against the Panthers, by Huey P. Newton, 1980 Martin Luther King Jr. Letter from Birmingham Jail. https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf SNCC The Basis of Black Power https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Letter_Birmingham_Jail.pdf Migrant Farmers Immigrant Labor 1952

Role of Advertising in Newspapers Free Essays

The Role of Advertising in Newspapers Revenues from sales of advertising pay for the bulk of the costs of newspaper production. That’s why the reading public pays so little for its newspaper. What is advertising? An advertisement is a message designed to sell the advertiser’s goods or services to prospective buyers. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Advertising in Newspapers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Types of newspaper advertising There are two types of newspaper advertising – display and classified. A display advertisement is a written message, often accompanied by an illustration or photograph, which can be placed in any section of the newspaper. A classified ad refers to those advertisements that are separated into specific classifications and located in one or more sections of the newspaper. Display advertisements There are two types of display ads found in the newspaper – national and local. National advertising usually refers to products that are promoted on a nation-wide basis, such as automobiles and brand-name products or retail chains. Local advertising is used to promote local, regional or national products. The ad is written, however, to appear in the local market. When placing a display ad, the advertiser is charged by the amount of space the ad occupies in the newspaper. The price of the space varies with certain factors: †¢Newspaper circulation (the larger the circulation the higher the price charged) †¢Size of ad †¢Use of colour †¢Guaranteed position in newspaper †¢Day the advertisement runs †¢Advertising frequency To attract a reader’s attention and to sell a product, many techniques are used in the creation of a display ad. As a result, these ads are usually professionally prepared in creative services departments of the newspaper, the advertiser or a contracted advertising agency. The physical appearance of an advertisement often determines its attractiveness to the reader. Some aspects considered in ad preparation are: †¢Size of the ad †¢Use of colour †¢Amount of white space, i. e. , not too crowded †¢Graphics chosen †¢Type style and size of text The information included in an ad can definitely influence its effectiveness in selling a product. Some display ads are purely factual and appeal to reason. Information in these ads usually relates to: †¢Quality of the product †¢Price or value of the product †¢General description of the product Guarantee of the product Other display ads appeal to the emotions of the consumer and may emphasise: †¢Brand loyalty – the advertiser wants you to identify with and continue buying established brands. †¢Conformity – the â€Å"everybody is buying this particular brand or item† approach. †¢Hero worship – endorsement of a product by a personality i n entertainment or sports. †¢Status – an appeal to the buyer’s ego. †¢Humour – entertaining, but deceptive; says little about the product. †¢Personal attractiveness – a wishful-thinking ad appealing to a particular feminine/masculine image. Style changes – the buyer is asked to keep up with the times. †¢Vanity – this kind of ad appeals to the buyer’s self image or ego-gratification where the buyer’s happiness comes first. †¢Economy – everyone likes to think he or she can economise while spending. †¢Luxury – symbols of wealth and excess. †¢Convenience – work and time-saving devices. †¢Lifestyle – the advertisement associates a certain lifestyle with a product. †¢Security – this covers many kinds of security: emotional, personal, financial, etc. †¢Sex – the ad uses the lure of sex appeal. It is similar to the appeals of feminine and masculine attractiveness. Keep in mind that more than one appeal may be found in the same ad. Classified ads Classified ads are not written by creative service departments, but by individuals wishing to advertise goods and services available or needed. When placing a classified ad, advertisers are usually charged by the line. As a result, classified ads are brief. The price varies with the number of insertions desired and the particular days chosen. For example, the unit cost of an ad may decrease if it is run all week. On the other hand, a premium could be added to the cost if a high circulation day is chosen, such as Saturday. In some cities and towns different days are popular for certain types of ads. In your area, for example, Saturday may be a heavy real estate day, while Monday may be popular for car and truck ads. Placing a classified ad is very simple. One dials the classified advertising department of the newspaper and a trained operator assists in the placing of the ad. The operator will also help in the writing of the ad and in the selection of insertion dates. The process can also be done on-line. The classified ad section is organised to assist readers in locating relevant information. Many classified ad readers have specific goals in mind, rather than casual browsing. The classified ads – as their name implies – are grouped together according to product or service type. An overall index conveniently directs readers to each specific category, within which listings are arranged alphabetically. A newspaper is any printed periodical or work containing public news or comments on public news. Each newspaper tries to win the heart and loyalty of its readers through news and views, articles, pictures, poems, cartoons, editorials, presentation techniques and exclusive stories and news items. It censures the corrupt and the erring. It airs public grievances sad reflects public opinion through letters to the press. Napoleon feared four hostile newspapers more than a thousand bayonets. According to him â€Å"a newspaper is a grumbler, censurer, a giver of advice, a regent of sovereigns, a tutor of nations. ‘ Gopal Krishna Gokhale considered the newspapers to be the rousers and the sentinels of the voice of people. In India newspapers have a vital role to play and an important duty to perform, both as ‘vox populi’ (voice of the people) and as builder of public opinion. In this sense, it is the ‘people’s university’—book, pulpit, platform, forum, theatre and counselor, all in one. There is no interest—literary, social, politi cal, religious, commercial, economic, scientific, technological, agricultural, mechanical, cultural, histrionic and so on and so forth—which is not covered â€Å"by the news-paper. There, a vast majority of the people in this country are still illiterate or at least unenlightened, even among the literate persons, about two-thirds do not read newspaper regularly. The Indian masses lack intellectual capacity and comprehension required in reading a newspaper. Approximately 17 percent of people read newspapers and out these dot even half of the people read editorials, comments or serious initial articles. The rest content themselves by reading the headlines or the topical news. Young men read sports news and film reviews, the businessmen confine themselves to market reports about shares, stocks and the prices of gold, silver and essential commodi ¬ties. Only old, retired people pour over the newspaper from end to end, and that too because they have no other pastime to pass time. This shows that the number of those who have genuine interest in newspapers is very low. But it is these people—national and state leaders, teachers, lawyers, philosophers, academicians, technocrats and bureaucrats—who form the intellectual and intelligent section of the Indian society. They speak for the common people and voice their grievances against mismanagement of public affairs. They serve as a link between the rulers and the rated, the government and the people and complete the chain of action and reaction. The newspapers in India perform their pole as guardians of the public interest, watch-dogs and a source of all kinds of informa ¬tion. They are not State-controlled, as in U. S. S. R. and Pakistan, they enjoy freedom of expression. Of course, they must function within the bounds of law. They must not infringe the law regarding libel and deformation, otherwise they would be liable to penal action. Even the restricted freedom of the Indian newspapers it the envy of the journalists in other countries of Asia where there has been a prolonged spell of military dictatorship, autocratic rule or emergency. In India, the newspapers keep a powerful check on the mis ¬deeds, the tyranny and this, corrupt practices of the government. Thomas Jefferson paid rich tributes to this function of the newspaper when he said, â€Å"Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. However, all newspapers do not play a positive end construc ¬tive role expected of them. There is a section of newspapers in India, which indulges in blackmail, extortion of money and distor ¬tion of facts and news. This yellow journalism is despicable. Such newspapers violate all ethical standards and adopt a purely merce ¬nary and anti-national attitude. This is sub-standard and base Journ alism. They should be treated like smugglers, black-marketers and drug-pedlars and antisocial elements and should be dealt with an iron-hand. What Jefferson said about newspapers in America applies to newspapers in India also. ‘I Chapter, truth; II Chapter, probabilities; third, possibilities; fourth, lies; fifth, blatant lies; and the first chapter is the shortest,† Most of the country’s leading newspapers are owned or domi ¬nated by big industrial houses and capitalists—Birja, Dalmia, Express group, As a result, the interests of the general public are often sacri ¬ficed at the altar of capitalism and business interests. Moreover, the lion’s share of the total circulation of newspapers, a little above 5crore, belongs to the bigger dailies published from Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, the metropolitan towns. The national dailies enjoy a great deal of influence and command huge resources. But the smaller newspapers, that are published in the regional languages and that have a smaller circulation, have to face perpetual financial crisis and are often forced to close down. This belies the Govern ¬ment policy of patronizing smaller newspapers and imposing rest ¬raints in bigger newspapers. In several countries abroad, especially in the West, newspapers have power to make and break governments; but in India news ¬papers do not carry much weight and do not cut much ice. The Government does not pay much heed to their views and does not respond to their criticism for the simple reason that it commands a colossal majority in the Parliament. Gloating over absolute majority, the Government even tries to shifle free press (as has several times been done in the case of the Indian Express group of papers). One common method of pressurising newspapers that the Central or State Governments in India adopt is to stop giving adver ¬tisements and notifications released by the Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (D. A. V. P. , Government departments and public sector enterprises; to such newspapers as do not cringe and adopt a fawning attitude and thus made them suffer financially. Advertisements are sometimes used as a weapon to corapell complia ¬nce, for it would be impossible for a newspaper to survive without advertisements, the prop and the life-blood of all journalism. A num ¬ber of such cases have been taken up in the Press Council of Indi a and have been commented upon. Another method is that of stopp ¬ing or substantially cutting down the supply of newsprint paper quota to such ‘dare-devil’ newspapers. Newspapers in this renaissance country should regard their pro ¬fession as a noble mission of educating and enlightening people. They should impose certain moral and national restraints and discipline upon themselves. They should refrain from indulging Its rumors and turning out biased information and distorted truths from ulte ¬rior motives. As purveyors of news and views, they should play the rote of ‘people’s university’ and serve the motherland as guardians and custodians of people’s liberty. How to cite Role of Advertising in Newspapers, Essay examples