Effects of Gum Chewing on Post Operative Ileus - 1274 Words

Postoperative ileus is a possibly deadly complication that occurs after many abdominal surgeries and operations. An ileus is where the bowels â€Å"fall asleep† after trauma and fail to â€Å"awaken† for quite some time following surgery. Postoperative ileus can affect patient nutrition, comfort and especially length of stay, which results in a major cost to insurance companies and hospitals. According to Chan and Law (2007), the economic burden resulting from postoperative ileus is $7.5 billion per year in the United States alone not including the expense of missed work. Clearly, the issue of postoperative ileus duration is one that deserves attention and necessitates a solution. Right now, doctors are forced to offer motility agents, trials with†¦show more content†¦The patients were selected according to the type of surgery, open colectomy for left-sided colon and rectal cancer, patients that required postoperative ventilation or planned intensive care thera py due to co-morbid conditions were excluded from the study, the eligible subjects were randomly selected to either the control or treatment group, and peri-operative treatment was standardized (Quah et al, 2006, p. 65). Outcome measures were time to first flatus and feces, and length of hospital stay, and a blinded independent specialist colorectal nurse practitioner evaluated the progress (Quah et al, 2006, p. 65). Researchers utilized the Mann-Whitney U-test and the X2 test to analyze the data entered into statistical software, and measured statistical significance using a two-sided p value of 0.05. The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age, gender co-morbid disease, history of previous abdominal surgery, site of tumor and tumor stage (Quah et al, 2006, p. 65). The researchers findings were not significant enough to support the intervention; the mean time to first flatus was 2.7 days for the control group and 2.4 days for the experimental group a p value of 0.56, the mean t ime to first feces was 3.9 days for the control group and 3.2 for the experimental group a p value of 0.38, and length of hospital stay was 11.2 days for the control group and 9.4 days for the experimental group a p value of 0.75. Patients in the experimental group hadShow MoreRelatedPharmacological Intervention Assignment : Patient X2837 Words   |  12 Pagesmale with a history of recurrent sigmoid diverticulitis who has opted for elective laparoscopic sigmoid hemicolectomy. In conjunction with his surgery, he will be starting a regimen of alvimopan (Entereg) to prevent the development of postoperative ileus. His situation fits into the perioperative clinical focus of nursing practice because the dosing recommendations for alvimopan include beginning the first dose preoperatively, 30 minutes to 5 hours prior to surgery (Erwele, 2008). This assignment will

Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945 Free Essays

Introduction Australia’s presence and participation in global affairs have been commendable over decades now. Australia officially referred to as commonwealth of Australia is in the southern hemisphere. Australia comprises of the mainland of Australian continent, Tasmania Island and other smaller islands in the pacific and Indian oceans. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like other countries, Australia has undergone numerous milestones over the past centuries which have influenced its present developments. Australian foreign relations with other countries including the US, UK and other Asian countries are of great importance are. Having interacted with these countries at different times of history, Australia has been able to share common policies and interests with these nations. Firstly, the UK which colonized Australia since the 18th century had great influence on its current foreign policy. The trade relations between Australia and America as well as the joint participation in WW II influenced its foreign policy and relations. These interactions are also evident with other Asian countries like New Zealand, Japan and China which have shared common experiences in war as well as trade. This essay will discuss the importance of Britain, Asia, and the US in shaping Australian foreign policy since the 1788 settlement to WW II (1945). Australia has a rich and appealing foreign policy which makes it a trusted ally to many nations across the globe. The foreign policy of Australia includes various separated but inter-related policies in the fields of trade, security, defence, foreign aid and international commitments. Being a signatory to different treaties in the UN, Australia has been steadfast in attending to issues of global interest. In regards to trade and foreign aid, Australia is always in the forefront in fostering the spirit of globalisation. It is however notable that the foreign policies and relations of Australia are fast in upholding and promoting the interests of Australia. As far as security and defence is concerned, Australia is always vigilant in addressing any threat to national security. The development of the current and past foreign policies specifically between 1788 and 1945 was greatly influenced by the UK, US and Asia . The UK which was the first to arrive in Australia in the 18th century greatly influenced Australian foreign policy from settlement (1788) to the WW II. It is worth noting that Australia was a victim of tyranny of distance as well as a colony of Britain. Till 1942, Australia showed little or no independence in foreign policy. This is because it was under Britain influence. Despite that Australia was a dominion of Britain and that it had right to determine its foreign policy, it never showed independence. The issues of culture, military, economics and politics were greatly influenced by Britain. It is hereby notable that Britain had great importance in forging Australian foreign policy on the issues of politics, security, defence and economics. Since the settlement in 1788 to 1930s, Australia had no international embassies apart from London. The main concern for Australia was on trade and economics. Britain hereby played a key role in modelling Australian foreign policy on trade, culture and economics which helped in meeting the interests of the Australian citizens . US played a key role in building Australian foreign policy since 1788 to 1945. Based on the strong trade relations, Australian extended these relations from trade to security. The fears of Japan invasion in 1930s was a real problem to Australia. Despite this problem, Britain was unable to defend Australia thus seeking the support of US. Based on this phenomenon, it is evident that the fear of Japan invasion influenced Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945. Australia extended its trade ties with US to security and defence relations. This is one of the foreign policy of Australia whereby it sought to ensure strategic relations with other countries . The foreign policies adopted by Australia on security and defence before 1945 were influenced by the US. This can be attributed to the continued threat of Japanese threat and hostility to Australia. As a result of the open hostility between Australia and Japan during the Paris Pease Conference in 1919, Australia depended on US from defence. During this period, Australian defence planning borrowed from US. In the 1920s, Australian demonstrated an open stereotype and prejudice which was influenced by the US. There was a growing negative stereotype of Japanese by Australia is a potential threat to national security. In response to this scenario, Australia developed and implemented foreign policies which were aimed at enhancing its security and countering Japanese invasion. The foreign policy on security was also allied to the US as a potential strategic partner. The Japanese invasion in China in 1933 had a significant impact on Australian’s attention. In this regard, Australia moved fast to ensure it had strong ties with US, hence strengthening its defence. In light ith this phenomenon, it can be established that Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945 was influenced by US due to the threat of Japanese invasion hence prompting it to enter into strategic alliance with the US . The stay of British settlers in Australia since 1788 had great influence and importance to Australia’s foreign policy since 1788 to 1945. The models of Australia’s legal and political sys tems as well as policies on trade and security were influenced by Britain. The foreign policy on immigration adopted by Australia till 1945 was influenced by Britain. It is important noting that Britons dominated the culture, language and the entire make-up of Australian society. Due to the domination of Australia by Britain, its national identity was relatively indistinct from that of Britain. This made the two nations to share same philosophies and practices as far as foreign policy and relations were concerned. The immigration policies adopted by Australia favoured Irish and Britain. This manifests the strong influence of Britain to Australia’s foreign policies before 1945. The establishment of the Immigration Restriction Act was a major manifestation of Britain’s influence to Australian foreign policy. In this policy, Australia effectively banned Asia migration into the country for the next 50 years. There was also preceding legislations which prohibited the employment of contract labourers as well as the deportation of those already in the country. These developments had great influence on Australian foreign relations till 1945 . Asia has played a critical role in influencing the foreign policies of Australia from 1788 to 1945. The relationships between Australia and other Asian countries of; Malaysia, Singapore, New-Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, and China was of importance in modelling its foreign policy. The quest for peace and regional stability was a major issue which influenced Australia’s foreign policy. This can be evident in the 1944 agreement with New Zealand which dealt with welfare, security and advancement of people in the different independent territories. The need for peace and security for its people can be viewed as the major concern for Australia which influenced its foreign policy during this time. Alongside the security concerns, Australia was also focused on boosting its economic prospects. In order to ensure prosperity and sustainability in national development, Australia was keen to ensure regional cooperation with other Asian countries. This was aimed at enhancing the economic prospects of the country . The importance of US in the foreign policy of Australia is very evident through the continued cooperation between the two countries. In the periods before 1945, the US was regarded as Australia’s key ally in WW II. The entire foreign and defence policies of Australia directly depended on US support. He strong ties between US and Australia influenced its foreign policy on the Southeast Asia. Despite that at times Australia acted independently on foreign policies, it always pursued policies which impressed the US. It is important noting that Australia was ever submissive and subservient to US wishes. Nevertheless, at times Australia pursued different foreign policies which contradicted those of US as in the case of Malaya and West New Guinea. The fear of Australia from foreign invasion had a role in the dependency of Australia’s foreign policy on US . Conclusion It is apparent that the foreign policy and relations of Australia to 1945 was influenced by Asia, Britain and America. The interactions of these countries with Australia played a key role in shaping its foreign policy from 1788 to 1945. The key issues of concern were defence, security, trade, and migration. As observed in the discussion, the US was very influential on the foreign policies of Australia on defence and security. This was also the case of Asia which influenced Australian foreign policy on regional cooperation and security. These insights demonstrate the significance of Britain, Asia and US in modelling Australian foreign policy between 1788 and 1945. Bibliography Dunn, Michael. Australia and the Empire: From 1788 to the Present (Sydney: Fontana/Collins, 1984), 75-154. Esthus, Raymond. From Enmity to Alliance: US-Australian Relations, 1931-1941 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1964), 83- 132. Grey, Jeffrey. A Military History of Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 45-98. How to cite Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945, Essay examples

Case Study of TK Ceramics Organization †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Best process to redesign the internally facing and customer-facing jobs? 2.Advantages and disadvantages of drawing at least some of the shop workers from existing staff? 3.Creating job descriptions and person descriptions for jobs in the shops that do not yet exist? 4.Finding the relevancy of skills in between the field sales representatives and shop staffs? Answers: 1. Internally facing jobs mean all kind of works that executives and staffs do it internally. Such operation is not open to customers. It can be termed as back-end operation. This may include various like quality management, process designing, human resource management and others (Timming 2017). On the other hand, customer-facing jobs are all those that involve interacting with the customers. This can be while the executive teams are in their field operation or this can also be when customers are in the shop (Timming 2017). However, the different nature of customer-facing jobs requires distinguished kind of expertise. The staffs that are there in shops to help their customers reach to a certain area of the shop or guide them on products that they like to see. This may also include helping customer until the time the customer purchases their desired product (Timming 2017). The case study organization TK Ceramics which has now the largest importer in Victoria is eyeing an entry to Indonesia. There are few very valid reasons for it. Cost of tiles which the case study organization sells to the wholesale clients is expensive in Italy. The owners Tim and Kate had recently visited Indonesia and found that cost of tiles is comparatively cheaper in Indonesia. The fact has compelled them to import tiles from Indonesia and target the retail sector which is a radical shift from wholesale to retail sales. However, the company has few challenges like the quality of ceramic tiles which needs to meet the guidelines of Australian Standards ISO 13006: 1998 10545 Test Methods (Bernzen Braun 2014). The tiles that were being imported from Italy had met the guidelines of Australian Standards. However, it is very challenging to meet the same criteria for the tiles in Indonesia. There are plans to recruit professionals who could take care of several roles like designing, im plementing and monitoring of quality procedures. The human resource manager Renee now has a challenging task ahead of her. She has to design jobs for a long list of professionals who could stay there in Indonesia for at least a year. There are several techniques like motivational work design, socio-technical systems, Hackman Oldman Theory and others. However, choosing one design could be the most viable decision. The case study organization may be benefitted if the companys HRM uses the Hackman Oldman Theory followed by motivational work design for designing jobs to take care of the operation in Indonesia. The Hackman Oldman Theory encourages employees to have direct contact with the client which is good in regards to the case company as this may keep the newly recruited professionals engaged in their work. Additionally, the theory also talks about specialized work which is very important for the case organization as the HRM has planned to recruit professionals for specialized positions (Christina et al. 2017). In addition to this process, the motivational work design may also be helpful in motivating the appointed professionals who will be sent to Indonesia to take care of the proposed operation in the country. Such professionals may require motivation from the management; so that, they could patiently stay in the country for one year and energetically perform their task. Management can us e the various kinds of rewards system which needs to be given to acknowledge the quality works of the professionals (Christina et al. 2017). 2. There can be an ample number of advantages and disadvantages also in drawing the shop workers from existing staffs. The first and foremost advantage of such process will be the lessening of pressure from the human resource department. A recruitment process attracts significant investments for conducting different activities like advertising the job vacancies in different media resources such as online websites, daily newspapers and others. In addition to this, there are expenses required for the induction and training process for those who have been selected for the interview. On top of all, those newly recruited professionals will be given a fresh set of pay scale which is an additional burden on the management (Shaikh 2014). These are all the few expenses which are required while opting to recruit new professionals for different positions. It also means that the case study human resource manager looks for picking up few staffs from existing professionals then this would be a str aightforward saving in terms of investments. Followings are the advantages and disadvantages of drawing some workers from the existing office staffs (Chiang, Lema?ski Birtch 2017): Advantages: Staffs who have proven track record of their performance can be sent to Indonesia for one year. Moreover, this will reduce the pressure which could have been the case while finding talented and experienced professionals from external resources. Such staffs have better knowledge of the case companys insights and they are also aware of the operational objectives which matter a lot while venturing into a new market. Such staffs will be in better position to showcase the case companys operational objectives. The case company's HRM will have reduced work pressure and therefore, they would be able to focus on some other critical aspects of recruiting professionals for quality inspection position. This is indeed a critical requirement when the case company will be operating in Indonesia. It has already been suspected the tiles that are being manufactured in Indonesia lack in meeting the quality standard of Australian Standards - ISO 13006: 1998 10545 Test Methods (Bernzen Braun 2014). Disadvantages: Existing staffs are well settled with their roles and responsibilities in the existing operation. This is also why TK Ceramics is the largest importer of ceramic tiles in Victoria. However, if some of them are being selected for the proposed operation in Indonesia then the HRM will be required to recruit fresh professionals to fill the gaps. They may or may not match the quality standard of those staffs that have been selected for operation in Indonesia (Ahammad 2017). The shortlisted staffs for a new business operation in Indonesia may also face the challenge. They have always been facing the clients and selling them products at wholesale. However, in Indonesia, they will be required to interact with the retail customers which will be a pretty new experience for the staffs. They cannot approach the same way of interaction that they had used while interacting with the wholesale clients. They will be requiring to have an utmost level of customer service, so that, they could cater for the organizational values and deliver the expected service (Shukla 2014). 3. Creating job descriptions and person-specific job proficiencies for a shop that do not yet exist is a challenging task; however, this could be done if planned appropriately. A job description is a description of roles that a specific position will need. On the other hand, person-specific description means specifying the jobs based on individuals proficiencies. Job descriptions and person descriptions can be created in following ways (Coelho et al. 2017): Approaching the consulting agencies may provide a much-needed relief in this regard. The case study human resource management will then only be required to provide a brief of the works that they will be expecting from the newly recruited professionals. The specific consulting agency may be able to design jobs accordingly and create the specific positions as well. Moreover, they may also be able to describe the position specific jobs by discussing it further with the case study HRM (human resource management). The case study company will then be able to use the specification provided by the consulting agency. Moreover, the human resource management at the TK Ceramics will be able to advertise the various job positions based on the specification provided by the specific agency. Additionally, they could also use the specifications as a checklist for making an evaluation of CVs and interviews. This may prove to be a real time saver for the recruiting panel at case study human resource de partment. The case study organization will be required to provide the several kinds of details to the specific consulting agency. A brief idea about the roles and responsibilities which the human resource management at the case study company is expecting needs to be explained to the consulting agency. In addition, job location is also required to be explained to the consulting agency. The qualifications, list of duties, required skills, salary benefits, kind of work and others need to be provided to the consulting agency. The consulting agency may also be briefed on person-specific skills which the case study organization is looking for. Person-specific briefs will be like the technical, communicative, organizational and creative skills that the case company is expecting from newly recruited professionals. If they are also looking for specific qualification for some post like the quality inspection then they should also give the brief of such details to the specific consultancy. If they are looking for experienced professionals then they should also disclose this to the agency. The characteristics related traits if required needs to be discussed with the specific consulting agency, so that, they are able to construct an exactly the same person specific description as it is required from the TK Ceramics. 4. This is indeed a very complicated question; however, this is also much more transparent that executives are bound to find the different set of customers while being into the field or the shop. While being in the field, sales representatives proactively reach to customers though customers may or may not have any intention for such interactions. On the other hand, staffs in the shop are required to interact with customers who are intentionally visiting the shop (Botha, Van Vuuren Kunene 2015). There are evident differences in between the skills of field executives and the shop staffs which are being highlighted below. Representatives who proactively approach customers in the field, they need to be well versed with the following set of skills (Denker et al. 2015): They need to have the desires and the ability as well to sell the product. They need also have presentable communication skills, so that, they could effectively present their brand and also establish a fair amount of interaction which is needed to accomplish the sale. Such representatives must also have strong commercial awareness, so that, they could maintain the professionalism while avoiding any sort of emotional attachment to customers. There will be a customer who might not be capable of purchasing the product; however, being professional in approach could make it possible. Such customer if being realized about the importance of product they might feel like purchasing the product. They also need to be resilient and are able to cope with rejections, so that; they do not get demoralized while not being able to make a sale. By being resilient to rejections, representatives will actually be able to make the sale. They also need to have a high degree of drive and self-motivation. This will assist such representatives in times when they are not being able to make the sales. They will rather keep on trying which is necessary while interacting with customers in the field. Shop staffs need to have the following skills (Bacon 2016): The shop executives need to be well versed with basic numeracy and the literacy, so that; they could handle the queries of customers. They need to have a high standard of customer service skills, so that, they could make the customer feel like in safe zones. They need to have the selling skills as sometimes, the customer makes decisions which they have not planned it before. Staffs need to have the product knowledge, so that, they could explain the product details to customers. Customers might have several queries which could only be solved if the staff has the utmost knowledge of the concerned product. References: Ahammad, T., 2017. Personnel Management To Human Resource Management (HRM): How HRM Functions?.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,13(9), pp.412-420. Bacon, D., 2016. Special Issue Call for Papers: The Work-Ready Marketing Graduate.Journal of Marketing Education,38(1), pp.65-66. Bernzen, A. and Braun, B., 2014. Conventions in cross-border trade coordination: the case of organic food imports to Germany and Australia.Environment and Planning A,46(5), pp.1244-1262. Botha, M., Van Vuuren, J.J. and Kunene, T., 2015. An integrated entrepreneurial performance model focusing on the importance and proficiency of competencies for start-up and established SMEs.South African Journal of Business Management,46(3), pp.55-66. Chiang, F.F., Lema?ski, M.K. and Birtch, T.A., 2017. The transfer and diffusion of HRM practices within MNCs: lessons learned and future research directions.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,28(1), pp.234-258. Christina, S., Dainty, A., Daniels, K., Tregaskis, O. and Waterson, P., 2017. Shut the fridge door! HRM alignment, job redesign and energy performance.Human Resource Management Journal,27(3), pp.382-402. Coelho, F.A., Rodrigues, D.A., Fogaa, N., Teixeira, J.A. and Richter, L.D.D., 2017. Empirical relationships between support to informal learning, professional competences and human performance in a Brazilian public organisation.International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital,14(1), pp.90-108. Denker, A.L., Sherman, R.O., Hutton-Woodland, M., Brunell, M.L. and Medina, P., 2015. Florida Nurse Leader Survey findings: key leadership competencies, barriers to leadership, and succession planning needs.Journal of Nursing Administration,45(7/8), pp.404-410. Shaikh, M., 2014.Essentials of strategic HRM. Lulu. com. Shukla, S., 2014. Emerging issues and challenges for HRM in public sectors banks of India.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,133, pp.358-363. Timming, A.R., 2017. The effect of foreign accent on employability: a study of the aural dimensions of aesthetic labour in customer-facing and non-customer-facing jobs.Work, employment and society,31(3), pp.409-428.